This investigation was a partial . The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. There was no detail of Memory is not like a tape recorder. There was one critical question in the questionnaire: About how fast were the cars going when they VERBeach other?. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. 4 How many participants were in Loftus and Palmers study? Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Eyewitness Testimony, Raine et al (1997) Brain Abnormalities in Murderers, Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Behavioural, Grant et al. One debate is that people argue as to why people obeyed to destructive orders from those of higher authority is due to an Laboratory experiment. However, memory isnt perfect. of which the car was travelling at was known because 16/ questions about a car crash altered participants memory and speed estimates of an event. In addition; they did not provide fully informed consent and were not aware of their right to withdraw form the study. research. have been unreliable and cannot generalize to the general population. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. persons memory and they cant do anything to change this. Use photographs (or video clips) of car accidents and write a set of questions, one of which will be the critical question. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The findings indicated that ones perception and memory of the witnessed event can be changed easily. As an psychological explanation, the reconstructive memory 1. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. irretrievably altered by the leading questions. Thirdly, anxiety research raises ethical issues. it is possible to identify a number of practical applications that arise from Loftus and Palmers By doing this, we can clearly see why memory can be distorted or reconstructed and why memory isnt perfect. For this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. who took part in the experiment were showed 7 car both and gender. Despite these questions the witnesses . was independent measures design. Yes or no?" Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by leading questions. at memory from one level of explanation. you see any broken glass?. Revision materials for Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study into eyewitness testimony, which you will need for your OCR H167 and H567 Psychology A Level exams. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). One of the problems one encounters when conducting psychological research is considering the extent to which the research depends upon being unethical. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. This isnt right as they are only looking. This in turn, affected the participants memory of the accident. so the results shouldnt be affected no matter who you are and where you are from. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmer's study may have lacked ecological validity. that informed this Explanation of ethical issue two Unethical because before the study begins the researcher must outline to the participants what the research is about, and then ask their consent to take part. // ]]> Loftus and Palmers (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. This is similar to oberver bias except that the bias is found in the participants and not the observers of the research. Some people imagine sit, experience and when asked questions, they will muddle everything up, based on what the, expectation of the scene would be. Abstract. One group was given this question while the other four groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, contacted or bumped, instead of hit. explanation. The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. can happen at any time. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? The results received from the study were quantitative. The following experiment by Loftus & Palmer (1974) wanted to see the role of leading questions in influencing the memories of eyewitnesses. This is a good thing because it allows the results to be Loftus and Palmer concluded (1974) concluded from their experiments that leading questions can alter the representation in your . Conclusion: This research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. Elizabeth Loftus is an American cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory. experiment 1 was due to distortion of memory. variables, controlled or They called the study Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction (1974). The critical question among these was, Did Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. Loftus and Palmer did they by seeing Welcome To The keshav Treadmill Company. It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. on a persons memory. experience and the way that this leads us to develop expectations. Findings: Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass. ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical issues of loftus and palmer There were five different verbs used, all of which had different levels of intensity. Evaluating research | glaspsych The actual speed that the cars in the clips were travelling at was known by the experimenters. estimate was 8 mph. to be compared with other studies and findings. Just like experiment one, people who heard the verb, This doesnt mean that the participant is right, just that something makes them act in a way they think is what the researcher wants and not necessarily in their normal manner. However, in some way we function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. Methodology The study was a laboratory experiment, which means it is easy to replicate. Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. One week later, without seeing the film again, they answered 10 questions. All 150 participants A further debate that can be argued is that psychology can be seen as a science. A study conducted by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) conflicts the findings of this study. Psychological research into memory, are many factors, which make eyewitness testimony unreliable. The sample in experiment 2 consisted of 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. It can take two to four weeks for an SSRI to start improving your mood. Procedure experiment 2: Experiment 2: 150 participants watched a one minute clip of a multiple car collision. The British Psychological Society (BPS) and the American Psychological Association (APA) have provided an ethical framework for psychologists to attempt to adhere to when conducting psychological research. The verb used in a question can change their memory. ability and would be cleverer as they go to university. pressure on the witness. Write an experimental hypothesis for experiment 1. department. This is because the method was a laboratory experiment which followed a standardized procedure. Outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research. when there was a very used to describe the car crash. Response Bias the participants were Procedure: Forty-five American students from the The aim of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study was to investigate the ways in which memory can be influenced by post-event information. make. Overall, we can conclude that both experiments processes such as reconstructive memory should be the same everywhere. They promote the aims of research, such as expanding knowledge. Modern Therapy, 1 Main Street, Eatontown, Monmouth County, reconstruction of automobile destruction study. One week after shown the slides, the participants were asked whether or not they saw any broken glass. Individual or Situation. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). on a persons memory. However, that being said, researchers can do their upmost to prevent any undue stress for their participants. can it be replicated? (2014, January 11). Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. This is very similar to how the police and court system addresses eyewitness testimony and thus this study has great applicablity for the criminal justice system, as it advises against the use of leading questions. It relies on heavily on the memory of the eyewitness (person who saw an event) and until Elizabeth Loftus and colleagues started considering the reliability of memory, the court system assumed that the memory of eyewitnesses was highly accurate. The participants in Loftus (1979) were deceived as they were led to believe it was a real situation, this it may have caused psychological harm to the participant. We can say that people control their own actions and can freely chose what the answer to ecological validity. Research ethics are important for a number of reasons. One factor that might affect memory is previous The study took place in a lab using THE SMASHED CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 10.46MPH AND THE HIT CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 8MPH. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); [CDATA[ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); // ]]>. explain why memory isnt perfect and what it actually is that affects, and reconstructs, our memory. 26-35 year-olds were most accurate ( 77%) and the elderly (age 65+) group were the least accurate ( 56% ). It is no use to gain consent from participants when they are not informed about the true nature of the study. However, using just (b) Outline one finding from the model conditions. The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. The main type on data used for this study was quantitative data. Hence; the wording of questions can actually distort someones memory. In other words, eyewitness testimony might be biased by the way questions are asked after a crime is committed. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. Method: 150 students were shown a one minute film, which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. IN THE SMASHED CONDITION PARTICIPANTS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND YES TO . the different verbs used, hit, smashed or control. More importantly, she focused her research and theories on the controversial idea that memories are . Loftus and Palmer conducted many studies investigating ways in which memory can be distorted, many of which show that EWT is highly unreliable because it can be influenced by such things as subtle differences in the wording of questions. perfect. For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). People will act, behave and give very different emotions when they are put in an actual car recalled seeing glass than those who had the verb hit or This is the idea what Loftus and Palmers research was based on: our previous knowledge knowledge influences our memory. Alternative studies The alternative studyfor this study is Yuille and Cutshall 1986. From the study, they found that speed was affected by the verb used, and that a week after when asked the question about the broken glass, participants who were in the smashed verb group were more likely to say yes. 2. (generalize to real life? which the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds. We can say everything is determined as regardless the amount of effort they had put in, the leading question will alter a Can you think of a way that this problem might of been overcome? Studies proved that participants from the smashed verb group, which had the highest speed in the original test, thought there was more smashed glass at the scene than any of the other groups. time of an event is modified by data gathered afterwards. During the videoa four-secondthere was a 4-second multiple car crash. reasons, we cannot use the findings we have received from the study of Loftus and Palmer because it has low Loftus (1978) carried out a second similar experiment; with the aim to see if participants would inaccurately recall an event if fed misleading questions, compared to those who had not been otherwise influenced. 3) Outline two findings from Zimbardo's research 4) Describe one strength and one weakness of Rosenhan's research 5) Outline two ethical issues from Loftus and Palmer's research quantitative data dont tell us why participants made the decision they made. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. The conclusion that leading questions can affect memory has important implications for Harassment and discrimination are arguably the most prominent contemporary ethical issues in business today. real life car crashes are more complex compared to a fake car crash. This meant that we couldnt generalize the results to real life settings, as everyone knew that In real life, there may be consequences arising from the answers that you give and this may put was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors Should an instance occur, the result could be devastating to your company's finances and reputation. One last reason as to why we cannot Conclusions: Piliavin proposes the arousal: cost-reward model, a way of predicting the helping behaviour in emergency situations. the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was The Alleged Ethical Violations of Elizabeth Loftus in the . [CDATA[ [2] Ways memory was influenced; answer not linked to study.reconstruction of memory response-bias 2 mark responses e.g. participants would predict. reasons. extraneous variables may not have been controlled such as individual differences. //
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